主题
常见医学英语
一、常见前缀
| 前缀 | 含义 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| a-/an- | 无、缺乏 | apnea(呼吸暂停),anemia(贫血),anuria(无尿) |
| anti- | 抗、对抗 | antibiotic(抗生素),antihypertensive(抗高血压药),anticoagulant(抗凝药) |
| brady- | 缓慢 | bradycardia(心动过缓),bradypnea(呼吸过缓) |
| dys- | 异常、困难 | dyspnea(呼吸困难),dysphagia(吞咽困难),dysuria(排尿困难) |
| endo- | 内 | endocardium(心内膜),endoscopy(内镜检查),endocrine(内分泌) |
| epi- | 上、在…之上 | epidermis(表皮),epigastric(上腹部的),epicardium(心外膜) |
| hemi- | 半 | hemiplegia(偏瘫),hemisphere(半球) |
| hyper- | 高、过多、亢进 | hypertension(高血压),hyperglycemia(高血糖),hyperkalemia(高钾血症) |
| hypo- | 低、过少、减退 | hypotension(低血压),hypoglycemia(低血糖),hypokalemia(低钾血症) |
| inter- | 之间 | intercostal(肋间的),interstitial(间质的) |
| intra- | 内、内部 | intravenous(静脉内的),intramuscular(肌肉内的),intrathecal(鞘内的) |
| macro- | 大 | macrophage(巨噬细胞),macroscopic(肉眼可见的) |
| mal- | 不良、异常 | malnutrition(营养不良),malignancy(恶性肿瘤) |
| micro- | 小 | microorganism(微生物),microscopic(显微镜下的) |
| neo- | 新 | neoplasm(新生物、肿瘤),neonate(新生儿),neonatal(新生儿的) |
| peri- | 周围、围绕 | pericardium(心包),perinatal(围产期的),perioperative(围术期的) |
| poly- | 多 | polyuria(多尿),polydipsia(烦渴、多饮),polyphagia(多食) |
| post- | 后 | postoperative(术后),postpartum(产后) |
| pre- | 前 | preoperative(术前),prenatal(产前) |
| pseudo- | 假 | pseudomembrane(假膜),pseudocyst(假性囊肿) |
| sub- | 下、亚、次 | subcutaneous(皮下的),subacute(亚急性),subclinical(亚临床的) |
| supra- | 上、超 | supraglottic(声门上的),supraventricular(室上性的) |
| tachy- | 快速 | tachycardia(心动过速),tachypnea(呼吸过速),tachyarrhythmia(快速性心律失常) |
| trans- | 经、跨、横过 | transdermal(经皮的),transfusion(输血),transplant(移植) |
二、常见后缀
| 后缀 | 含义 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| -algia | 疼痛 | neuralgia(神经痛),myalgia(肌痛),arthralgia(关节痛) |
| -ectomy | 切除(术) | appendectomy(阑尾切除术),cholecystectomy(胆囊切除术),gastrectomy(胃切除术) |
| -emia | 血症 | anemia(贫血),leukemia(白血病),septicemia(败血症) |
| -genic | 产生、引起 | cardiogenic(心源性),iatrogenic(医源性),pathogenic(致病的) |
| -gram | 图、记录 | electrocardiogram(心电图),angiogram(血管造影图),mammogram(乳腺X线片) |
| -graphy | 造影、描记法 | angiography(血管造影术),radiography(X线摄影术) |
| -ism | 状态、主义 | embolism(栓塞),hyperthyroidism(甲状腺功能亢进),alcoholism(酒精中毒) |
| -itis | 炎症 | hepatitis(肝炎),myocarditis(心肌炎),pancreatitis(胰腺炎),peritonitis(腹膜炎) |
| -lysis | 溶解、分解 | hemolysis(溶血),thrombolysis(溶栓),lysis of adhesion(粘连松解) |
| -megaly | 肿大 | hepatomegaly(肝肿大),splenomegaly(脾肿大),cardiomegaly(心脏肥大) |
| -oma | 肿瘤 | carcinoma(癌),sarcoma(肉瘤),lymphoma(淋巴瘤),melanoma(黑色素瘤) |
| -opathy | 疾病、病变 | neuropathy(神经病变),nephropathy(肾病),encephalopathy(脑病) |
| -osis | 状态、病态 | necrosis(坏死),cirrhosis(硬化),stenosis(狭窄),thrombosis(血栓形成) |
| -ostomy | 造口术 | colostomy(结肠造口术),tracheostomy(气管切开术),gastrostomy(胃造口术) |
| -otomy | 切开术 | laparotomy(剖腹术),craniotomy(开颅术),tracheotomy(气管切开术) |
| -pathy | 疾病、痛苦 | neuropathy(神经病变),myopathy(肌病),psychopathy(精神病变) |
| -penia | 减少、缺乏 | leukopenia(白细胞减少),thrombocytopenia(血小板减少),osteopenia(骨量减少) |
| -phagia | 吞咽 | dysphagia(吞咽困难),polyphagia(多食) |
| -phasia | 言语 | aphasia(失语症),dysphasia(言语困难) |
| -philia | 嗜、亲和 | hemophilia(血友病),eosinophilia(嗜酸性粒细胞增多) |
| -phobia | 恐惧 | hydrophobia(恐水症),claustrophobia(幽闭恐惧症) |
| -plasty | 成形术 | angioplasty(血管成形术),rhinoplasty(鼻成形术) |
| -plegia | 瘫痪 | paraplegia(截瘫),quadriplegia(四肢瘫),hemiplegia(偏瘫) |
| -pnea | 呼吸 | apnea(呼吸暂停),dyspnea(呼吸困难),tachypnea(呼吸急促) |
| -rrhage/-rrhagia | 出血 | hemorrhage(出血),menorrhagia(月经过多) |
| -rrhea | 流、溢 | diarrhea(腹泻),menorrhea(月经),rhinorrhea(鼻漏、流鼻涕) |
| -sclerosis | 硬化 | atherosclerosis(动脉粥样硬化),multiple sclerosis(多发性硬化) |
| -scope | 镜 | endoscope(内镜),bronchoscope(支气管镜),laparoscope(腹腔镜) |
| -scopy | 镜检查 | endoscopy(内镜检查),bronchoscopy(支气管镜检查),laparoscopy(腹腔镜检查) |
| -stasis | 停滞、静止 | homeostasis(稳态),hemostasis(止血),metastasis(转移) |
| -therapy | 治疗 | chemotherapy(化疗),radiotherapy(放疗),physiotherapy(理疗) |
| -tomy | 切开、切断 | anatomy(解剖),appendectomy(阑尾切除术)通常用 -ectomy |
| -trophy | 营养、生长 | atrophy(萎缩),hypertrophy(肥大),dystrophy(营养不良) |
| -uria | 尿 | hematuria(血尿),proteinuria(蛋白尿),polyuria(多尿),anuria(无尿),oliguria(少尿) |
三、常见缩写
3.1 体征与症状
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| BP | Blood Pressure | 血压 |
| HR | Heart Rate | 心率 |
| RR | Respiratory Rate | 呼吸频率 |
| T | Temperature | 体温 |
| SpO₂ | Oxygen Saturation | 血氧饱和度 |
| MAP | Mean Arterial Pressure | 平均动脉压 |
| CVP | Central Venous Pressure | 中心静脉压 |
| BMI | Body Mass Index | 体重指数 |
| LOC | Level of Consciousness | 意识水平 |
| GCS | Glasgow Coma Scale | 格拉斯哥昏迷评分 |
| NRS | Numeric Rating Scale | 疼痛数字评分法 |
| VAS | Visual Analogue Scale | 视觉模拟评分法 |
3.2 实验室与检查
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| CBC | Complete Blood Count | 全血细胞计数 |
| Hb/Hgb | Hemoglobin | 血红蛋白 |
| RBC | Red Blood Cell | 红细胞 |
| WBC | White Blood Cell | 白细胞 |
| PLT | Platelet | 血小板 |
| HCT/Hct | Hematocrit | 红细胞压积 |
| ESR | Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 血沉 |
| CRP | C-Reactive Protein | C反应蛋白 |
| ALT | Alanine Aminotransferase | 丙氨酸氨基转移酶(谷丙转氨酶) |
| AST | Aspartate Aminotransferase | 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(谷草转氨酶) |
| ALP | Alkaline Phosphatase | 碱性磷酸酶 |
| BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen | 血尿素氮 |
| Cr | Creatinine | 肌酐 |
| eGFR | estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | 估算肾小球滤过率 |
| LDH | Lactate Dehydrogenase | 乳酸脱氢酶 |
| CK | Creatine Kinase | 肌酸激酶 |
| CK-MB | Creatine Kinase-MB | 肌酸激酶同工酶-MB |
| cTnI/cTnT | Cardiac Troponin I/T | 心肌肌钙蛋白I/T |
| BNP | Brain Natriuretic Peptide | 脑钠肽 |
| NT-proBNP | N-Terminal pro-BNP | N末端脑钠肽前体 |
| LVEF | Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction | 左心室射血分数 |
| INR | International Normalized Ratio | 国际标准化比值 |
| PT | Prothrombin Time | 凝血酶原时间 |
| APTT | Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time | 活化部分凝血活酶时间 |
| ABG | Arterial Blood Gas | 动脉血气分析 |
| FiO₂ | Fraction of Inspired Oxygen | 吸入氧浓度 |
| PaO₂ | Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen | 动脉血氧分压 |
| PaCO₂ | Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide | 动脉血二氧化碳分压 |
| HCO₃⁻ | Bicarbonate | 碳酸氢根 |
| BE | Base Excess | 碱剩余 |
| ECG/EKG | Electrocardiogram | 心电图 |
| EEG | Electroencephalogram | 脑电图 |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 磁共振成像 |
| CT | Computed Tomography | 计算机断层扫描 |
| PET | Positron Emission Tomography | 正电子发射断层扫描 |
| USG | Ultrasonography | 超声检查 |
| TEE | Transesophageal Echocardiography | 经食道超声心动图 |
| UCG | Echocardiography / Ultrasound Cardiography | 超声心动图 |
| DSA | Digital Subtraction Angiography | 数字减影血管造影 |
| AFP | Alpha-Fetoprotein | 甲胎蛋白 |
| CEA | Carcinoembryonic Antigen | 癌胚抗原 |
| CA125/CA199 | Cancer Antigen 125/199 | 癌抗原125/199 |
| PSA | Prostate-Specific Antigen | 前列腺特异性抗原 |
| NSE | Neuron-Specific Enolase | 神经元特异性烯醇化酶 |
| MCV | Mean Corpuscular Volume | 平均红细胞体积 |
| MCH | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | 平均红细胞血红蛋白量 |
| MCHC | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration | 平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度 |
| FIB | Fibrinogen | 纤维蛋白原 |
| PCT | Procalcitonin | 降钙素原 |
| FPG | Fasting Plasma Glucose | 空腹血糖 |
| HDL-C | High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 |
| LDL-C | Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 |
| ANA | Antinuclear Antibody | 抗核抗体 |
| GFR | Glomerular Filtration Rate | 肾小球滤过率 |
| PTH | Parathyroid Hormone | 甲状旁腺激素 |
| ERCP | Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography | 内镜逆行胰胆管造影 |
| FVC | Forced Vital Capacity | 用力肺活量 |
| FEV₁ | Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second | 第一秒用力呼气量 |
| PEF | Peak Expiratory Flow | 呼气峰流速 |
| FRC | Functional Residual Capacity | 功能残气量 |
| MVV | Maximal Voluntary Ventilation | 最大通气量 |
| DLCO | Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide | 肺一氧化碳弥散量 |
| PFT | Pulmonary Function Test | 肺功能检查 |
3.3 科室与专业
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| ICU | Intensive Care Unit | 重症监护室 |
| CCU | Coronary Care Unit | 冠心病监护室 |
| NICU | Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 新生儿重症监护室 |
| OR | Operating Room | 手术室 |
| ER/ED | Emergency Room/Department | 急诊室/急诊科 |
| OPD | Outpatient Department | 门诊部 |
| IPD | Inpatient Department | 住院部 |
| OT | Operation Theatre | 手术室(英式) |
| PACU | Post-Anesthesia Care Unit | 麻醉后恢复室 |
| PICU | Pediatric Intensive Care Unit | 儿科重症监护室 |
3.4 诊断与疾病
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| ACS | Acute Coronary Syndrome | 急性冠脉综合征 |
| STEMI | ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction | ST段抬高型心肌梗死 |
| NSTEMI | Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死 |
| UA | Unstable Angina | 不稳定型心绞痛 |
| CHF | Congestive Heart Failure | 充血性心力衰竭 |
| COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 慢性阻塞性肺疾病 |
| ARDS | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 |
| CAP | Community-Acquired Pneumonia | 社区获得性肺炎 |
| UTI | Urinary Tract Infection | 尿路感染 |
| DVT | Deep Vein Thrombosis | 深静脉血栓 |
| PE | Pulmonary Embolism | 肺栓塞 |
| DIC | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 弥散性血管内凝血 |
| CVA | Cerebrovascular Accident | 脑血管意外(中风) |
| TIA | Transient Ischemic Attack | 短暂性脑缺血发作 |
| SAH | Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 蛛网膜下腔出血 |
| SCLC | Small Cell Lung Cancer | 小细胞肺癌 |
| NSCLC | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | 非小细胞肺癌 |
| PPI | Proton Pump Inhibitor | 质子泵抑制剂(相关病症) |
| SBP | Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis | 自发性细菌性腹膜炎 |
| DKA | Diabetic Ketoacidosis | 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 |
| CKD | Chronic Kidney Disease | 慢性肾脏病 |
| AKI | Acute Kidney Injury | 急性肾损伤 |
| DM | Diabetes Mellitus | 糖尿病 |
| HTN | Hypertension | 高血压 |
| CAD | Coronary Artery Disease | 冠状动脉疾病 |
| PAD | Peripheral Artery Disease | 外周动脉疾病 |
| TB | Tuberculosis | 结核病 |
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 人类免疫缺陷病毒 |
| AIDS | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 艾滋病 |
| HBV/HCV | Hepatitis B/C Virus | 乙型/丙型肝炎病毒 |
| IBD | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 炎症性肠病 |
| GERD | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 胃食管反流病 |
| EGV | Esophageal Gastric Varices | 食管胃底静脉曲张 |
| EGVB | Esophageal Gastric Variceal Bleeding | 食管胃底静脉曲张出血 |
| AVB | Atrioventricular Block | 房室传导阻滞 |
| RA | Rheumatoid Arthritis | 类风湿关节炎 |
| OA | Osteoarthritis | 骨关节炎 |
| SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 系统性红斑狼疮 |
| ARF | Acute Renal (Kidney) Failure | 急性肾衰竭 |
| CRF | Chronic Renal (Kidney) Failure | 慢性肾衰竭 |
| ALI | Acute Lung Injury | 急性肺损伤 |
| VAP | Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia | 呼吸机相关性肺炎 |
| CNS | Central Nervous System | 中枢神经系统 |
| TNF | Tumor Necrosis Factor | 肿瘤坏死因子 |
| HP | Helicobacter Pylori | 幽门螺杆菌 |
3.5 治疗与用药
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 心肺复苏 |
| ACLS | Advanced Cardiac Life Support | 高级心脏生命支持 |
| BLS | Basic Life Support | 基础生命支持 |
| IV | Intravenous | 静脉注射 |
| IM | Intramuscular | 肌肉注射 |
| SC/SQ | Subcutaneous | 皮下注射 |
| PO | Per Os (by mouth) | 口服 |
| PR | Per Rectum | 直肠给药 |
| SL | Sublingual | 舌下含服 |
| ID | Intradermal | 皮内注射 |
| ACEI | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor | 血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂 |
| ARB | Angiotensin Receptor Blocker | 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂 |
| ARNI | Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor | 血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂 |
| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone | 抗利尿激素 |
| RAAS | Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统 |
| ANP | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide | 心房钠尿肽 |
| TPN | Total Parenteral Nutrition | 全肠外营养 |
| EN | Enteral Nutrition | 肠内营养 |
| NG Tube | Nasogastric Tube | 鼻胃管 |
| CTG | Cardiotocography | 胎心监护 |
| IABP | Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump | 主动脉内球囊反搏 |
| ECMO | Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | 体外膜肺氧合 |
| CRRT | Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy | 连续性肾脏替代治疗 |
| HD | Hemodialysis | 血液透析 |
| PD | Peritoneal Dialysis | 腹膜透析 |
3.6 麻醉相关
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| GA | General Anesthesia | 全身麻醉 |
| RA | Regional Anesthesia | 区域麻醉 |
| LA | Local Anesthesia | 局部麻醉 |
| MAC | Monitored Anesthesia Care | 监测下麻醉管理 |
| ASA | American Society of Anesthesiologists (physical status classification) | 美国麻醉医师协会(分级) |
| ET Tube | Endotracheal Tube | 气管内导管 |
| LMA | Laryngeal Mask Airway | 喉罩 |
| BVM | Bag-Valve-Mask | 简易呼吸器 |
| ETT | Endotracheal Tube | 气管导管 |
| PEEP | Positive End-Expiratory Pressure | 呼气末正压 |
| PCV | Pressure-Controlled Ventilation | 压力控制通气 |
| VCV | Volume-Controlled Ventilation | 容量控制通气 |
| SIMV | Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation | 同步间歇指令通气 |
| PSV | Pressure Support Ventilation | 压力支持通气 |
| TOF | Train of Four | 四个成串刺激(肌松监测) |
| BIS | Bispectral Index | 脑电双频指数 |
| MAC | Minimum Alveolar Concentration | 最低肺泡有效浓度 |
| NIBP | Non-Invasive Blood Pressure | 无创血压 |
| ABP | Arterial Blood Pressure (invasive) | 有创动脉血压 |
| IBP | Invasive Blood Pressure | 有创血压监测 |
| CPB | Cardiopulmonary Bypass | 体外循环 |
| TCI | Target-Controlled Infusion | 靶浓度控制输注 |
| EMG | Electromyography | 肌电图 |
| FGF | Fresh Gas Flow | 新鲜气体流量 |
| CMV | Controlled Mechanical Ventilation | 控制机械通气 |
| IPPV | Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation | 间歇正压通气 |
| CPAP | Continuous Positive Airway Pressure | 持续气道正压通气 |
| BiPAP | Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure | 双水平气道正压通气 |
| HFNC | High-Flow Nasal Cannula | 经鼻高流量氧疗 |
| NIV/NPPV | Non-Invasive Ventilation / Positive Pressure Ventilation | 无创通气 |
3.7 常用医嘱缩写
| 缩写 | 全称 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| qd | quaque die | 每日一次 |
| bid | bis in die | 每日两次 |
| tid | ter in die | 每日三次 |
| qid | quater in die | 每日四次 |
| qh | quaque hora | 每小时 |
| q2h/q4h/q6h/q8h | every 2/4/6/8 hours | 每2/4/6/8小时 |
| qod | every other day | 隔日一次 |
| prn | pro re nata | 必要时 |
| stat | statim | 立即 |
| ac | ante cibum | 餐前 |
| pc | post cibum | 餐后 |
| hs | hora somni | 睡前 |
| pm | post meridiem | 下午 |
| am | ante meridiem | 上午 |
| gtt | gutta(e) | 滴 |
| tab | tablet | 片剂 |
| cap | capsule | 胶囊 |
| amp | ampule | 安瓿 |
| susp | suspension | 混悬液 |
| ung | unguentum (ointment) | 软膏 |
| sol | solution | 溶液 |
| dil | dilute | 稀释 |
四、常见医学短语
4.1 体格检查英语
| 英语 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| inspection | 视诊 |
| palpation | 触诊 |
| percussion | 叩诊 |
| auscultation | 听诊 |
| superficial palpation | 浅部触诊 |
| deep palpation | 深部触诊 |
| bimanual palpation | 双手触诊 |
| direct percussion | 直接叩诊 |
| indirect percussion | 间接叩诊 |
| barrel chest | 桶状胸 |
| pigeon chest | 鸡胸 |
| funnel chest | 漏斗胸 |
| crackles/rales | 湿啰音 |
| wheezes | 哮鸣音 |
| rhonchi | 干啰音 |
| pleural friction rub | 胸膜摩擦音 |
| heart murmur | 心脏杂音 |
| gallop rhythm | 奔马律 |
| jugular venous distention (JVD) | 颈静脉怒张 |
| hepatomegaly | 肝肿大 |
| splenomegaly | 脾肿大 |
| shifting dullness | 移动性浊音 |
| rebound tenderness | 反跳痛 |
| guarding | 腹肌紧张 |
| positive Murphy's sign | 墨菲征阳性 |
| positive McBurney's point tenderness | 麦氏点压痛阳性 |
4.2 问诊与病历常用
| 英语 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| chief complaint (CC) | 主诉 |
| present illness (HPI) | 现病史 |
| past medical history (PMH) | 既往史 |
| surgical history | 手术史 |
| medication history | 用药史 |
| allergy history | 过敏史 |
| family history (FH) | 家族史 |
| social history (SH) | 个人史(社会史) |
| review of systems (ROS) | 系统回顾 |
| physical examination (PE) | 体格检查 |
| vital signs | 生命体征 |
| impression | 印象(初步诊断) |
| assessment and plan (A&P) | 评估与计划 |
| differential diagnosis (DDx) | 鉴别诊断 |
| follow-up | 随访 |
| onset | 起病(时间) |
| duration | 持续时间 |
| frequency | 频率 |
| severity | 严重程度 |
| aggravating factors | 加重因素 |
| relieving factors | 缓解因素 |
| associated symptoms | 伴随症状 |
| past history of present illness | 既往类似发作史 |
| on examination | 检查所见 |
| under investigation | 检查中 |
4.3 病历写作常用句式
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| The patient presents with... | 患者以……就诊 |
| The patient complains of... | 患者主诉…… |
| There is a history of... | 有……病史 |
| On examination, ... was found | 检查发现…… |
| Investigations revealed... | 检查结果显示…… |
| The diagnosis was established by... | 诊断通过……确立 |
| Treatment was initiated with... | 用……开始治疗 |
| The patient responded well to... | 患者对……反应良好 |
| The condition deteriorated despite... | 尽管……但病情恶化 |
| The patient was discharged on... | 患者于……出院 |
| The prognosis is guarded. | 预后需谨慎评估。 |
| The patient was referred to... | 患者被转诊至…… |
| No significant abnormality detected. | 未见明显异常。 |
| The patient is scheduled for... | 患者计划接受…… |
| Informed consent was obtained. | 已获得知情同意。 |
4.4 药物相关英语
| English | 中文 |
|---|---|
| dosage / dose | 剂量 |
| dosing regimen | 给药方案 |
| loading dose | 负荷剂量 |
| maintenance dose | 维持剂量 |
| therapeutic dose | 治疗剂量 |
| maximum daily dose | 最大日剂量 |
| toxic dose | 中毒剂量 |
| lethal dose (LD50) | 半数致死量 |
| half-life (t½) | 半衰期 |
| peak concentration (Cmax) | 峰浓度 |
| trough concentration (Cmin) | 谷浓度 |
| therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) | 治疗药物监测 |
| adverse drug reaction (ADR) | 药物不良反应 |
| side effect | 副作用 |
| drug interaction | 药物相互作用 |
| contraindication | 禁忌症 |
| indication | 适应症 |
| onset of action | 起效时间 |
| duration of action | 作用持续时间 |
| route of administration | 给药途径 |
| bioavailability | 生物利用度 |
| first-pass metabolism | 首过代谢 |
| therapeutic window | 治疗窗 |
| drug tolerance | 药物耐受性 |
| drug resistance | 耐药性 |
| withdrawal syndrome | 戒断综合征 |
五、常见拉丁语缩写
| 缩写 | 拉丁语 | 英语 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| c | cum | with | 和、与 |
| s | sine | without | 无 |
| a | ante | before | 之前 |
| p | post | after | 之后 |
| i.e. | id est | that is | 即 |
| e.g. | exempli gratia | for example | 例如 |
| et al. | et alii | and others | 等人 |
| vs. | versus | against | 对、对比 |
| q.s. | quantum sufficit | as much as needed | 适量 |
| ad lib. | ad libitum | as desired | 随意、酌情 |
| NPO | nil per os | nothing by mouth | 禁食 |
| OD | oculus dexter | right eye | 右眼 |
| OS | oculus sinister | left eye | 左眼 |
| OU | oculus uterque | both eyes | 双眼 |
| AD | auris dextra | right ear | 右耳 |
| AS | auris sinistra | left ear | 左耳 |
| AU | auris utraque | both ears | 双耳 |
六、身体系统及方向术语
| 英语 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| anterior (ventral) | 前(腹侧) |
| posterior (dorsal) | 后(背侧) |
| superior (cranial/cephalad) | 上(头侧) |
| inferior (caudal) | 下(尾侧) |
| medial | 内侧 |
| lateral | 外侧 |
| proximal | 近端 |
| distal | 远端 |
| superficial | 浅 |
| deep | 深 |
| central | 中央 |
| peripheral | 周围 |
| ipsilateral | 同侧 |
| contralateral | 对侧 |
| sagittal plane | 矢状面 |
| coronal (frontal) plane | 冠状面 |
| transverse (axial) plane | 横断面 |
| cardiovascular system | 心血管系统 |
| respiratory system | 呼吸系统 |
| digestive system | 消化系统 |
| nervous system | 神经系统 |
| musculoskeletal system | 肌肉骨骼系统 |
| urinary system | 泌尿系统 |
| reproductive system | 生殖系统 |
| endocrine system | 内分泌系统 |
| lymphatic/immune system | 淋巴/免疫系统 |
| integumentary system | 皮肤系统 |
七、数字与频次相关希腊-拉丁词根
| 数字 | 前缀 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | mono-/uni- | monocyte(单核细胞),unilateral(单侧的) |
| 2 | bi-/di- | bilateral(双侧的),diplegia(双侧瘫) |
| 3 | tri- | tricuspid(三尖瓣的),trigeminal(三叉神经的) |
| 4 | quadri-/tetra- | quadriplegia(四肢瘫),tetracycline(四环素) |
| 半 | hemi-/semi- | hemisphere(半球),semilunar(半月形的) |
| 多 | multi-/poly- | multivitamin(多种维生素),polycystic(多囊的) |
| 少 | oligo- | oliguria(少尿),oligodendrocyte(少突胶质细胞) |
八、常用医学英语动词
| 动词 | 中文 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| administer | 给药、施行 | Administer 5mg morphine IV. |
| assess | 评估 | Assess the patient's level of consciousness. |
| auscultate | 听诊 | Auscultate the lung fields. |
| cannulate | 置管 | Cannulate the vein. |
| diagnose | 诊断 | The patient was diagnosed with pneumonia. |
| dilate | 扩张 | The pupil dilates in response to light. |
| excise | 切除 | The tumor was excised completely. |
| intubate | 插管 | The patient was intubated for ventilatory support. |
| irrigate | 冲洗 | Irrigate the wound with saline. |
| ligate | 结扎 | Ligate the blood vessel. |
| monitor | 监测 | Monitor vital signs closely. |
| palpate | 触诊 | Palpate the abdomen for tenderness. |
| percuss | 叩诊 | Percuss the chest for dullness. |
| prescribe | 开处方 | Prescribe antibiotics for the infection. |
| resuscitate | 复苏 | Resuscitate the patient in cardiac arrest. |
| sedate | 镇静 | The patient was sedated for the procedure. |
| ventilate | 通气 | The patient was mechanically ventilated. |
| withdraw | 撤除、停药 | Gradually withdraw the medication. |