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常见医学英语

一、常见前缀

前缀含义例词
a-/an-无、缺乏apnea(呼吸暂停),anemia(贫血),anuria(无尿)
anti-抗、对抗antibiotic(抗生素),antihypertensive(抗高血压药),anticoagulant(抗凝药)
brady-缓慢bradycardia(心动过缓),bradypnea(呼吸过缓)
dys-异常、困难dyspnea(呼吸困难),dysphagia(吞咽困难),dysuria(排尿困难)
endo-endocardium(心内膜),endoscopy(内镜检查),endocrine(内分泌)
epi-上、在…之上epidermis(表皮),epigastric(上腹部的),epicardium(心外膜)
hemi-hemiplegia(偏瘫),hemisphere(半球)
hyper-高、过多、亢进hypertension(高血压),hyperglycemia(高血糖),hyperkalemia(高钾血症)
hypo-低、过少、减退hypotension(低血压),hypoglycemia(低血糖),hypokalemia(低钾血症)
inter-之间intercostal(肋间的),interstitial(间质的)
intra-内、内部intravenous(静脉内的),intramuscular(肌肉内的),intrathecal(鞘内的)
macro-macrophage(巨噬细胞),macroscopic(肉眼可见的)
mal-不良、异常malnutrition(营养不良),malignancy(恶性肿瘤)
micro-microorganism(微生物),microscopic(显微镜下的)
neo-neoplasm(新生物、肿瘤),neonate(新生儿),neonatal(新生儿的)
peri-周围、围绕pericardium(心包),perinatal(围产期的),perioperative(围术期的)
poly-polyuria(多尿),polydipsia(烦渴、多饮),polyphagia(多食)
post-postoperative(术后),postpartum(产后)
pre-preoperative(术前),prenatal(产前)
pseudo-pseudomembrane(假膜),pseudocyst(假性囊肿)
sub-下、亚、次subcutaneous(皮下的),subacute(亚急性),subclinical(亚临床的)
supra-上、超supraglottic(声门上的),supraventricular(室上性的)
tachy-快速tachycardia(心动过速),tachypnea(呼吸过速),tachyarrhythmia(快速性心律失常)
trans-经、跨、横过transdermal(经皮的),transfusion(输血),transplant(移植)

二、常见后缀

后缀含义例词
-algia疼痛neuralgia(神经痛),myalgia(肌痛),arthralgia(关节痛)
-ectomy切除(术)appendectomy(阑尾切除术),cholecystectomy(胆囊切除术),gastrectomy(胃切除术)
-emia血症anemia(贫血),leukemia(白血病),septicemia(败血症)
-genic产生、引起cardiogenic(心源性),iatrogenic(医源性),pathogenic(致病的)
-gram图、记录electrocardiogram(心电图),angiogram(血管造影图),mammogram(乳腺X线片)
-graphy造影、描记法angiography(血管造影术),radiography(X线摄影术)
-ism状态、主义embolism(栓塞),hyperthyroidism(甲状腺功能亢进),alcoholism(酒精中毒)
-itis炎症hepatitis(肝炎),myocarditis(心肌炎),pancreatitis(胰腺炎),peritonitis(腹膜炎)
-lysis溶解、分解hemolysis(溶血),thrombolysis(溶栓),lysis of adhesion(粘连松解)
-megaly肿大hepatomegaly(肝肿大),splenomegaly(脾肿大),cardiomegaly(心脏肥大)
-oma肿瘤carcinoma(癌),sarcoma(肉瘤),lymphoma(淋巴瘤),melanoma(黑色素瘤)
-opathy疾病、病变neuropathy(神经病变),nephropathy(肾病),encephalopathy(脑病)
-osis状态、病态necrosis(坏死),cirrhosis(硬化),stenosis(狭窄),thrombosis(血栓形成)
-ostomy造口术colostomy(结肠造口术),tracheostomy(气管切开术),gastrostomy(胃造口术)
-otomy切开术laparotomy(剖腹术),craniotomy(开颅术),tracheotomy(气管切开术)
-pathy疾病、痛苦neuropathy(神经病变),myopathy(肌病),psychopathy(精神病变)
-penia减少、缺乏leukopenia(白细胞减少),thrombocytopenia(血小板减少),osteopenia(骨量减少)
-phagia吞咽dysphagia(吞咽困难),polyphagia(多食)
-phasia言语aphasia(失语症),dysphasia(言语困难)
-philia嗜、亲和hemophilia(血友病),eosinophilia(嗜酸性粒细胞增多)
-phobia恐惧hydrophobia(恐水症),claustrophobia(幽闭恐惧症)
-plasty成形术angioplasty(血管成形术),rhinoplasty(鼻成形术)
-plegia瘫痪paraplegia(截瘫),quadriplegia(四肢瘫),hemiplegia(偏瘫)
-pnea呼吸apnea(呼吸暂停),dyspnea(呼吸困难),tachypnea(呼吸急促)
-rrhage/-rrhagia出血hemorrhage(出血),menorrhagia(月经过多)
-rrhea流、溢diarrhea(腹泻),menorrhea(月经),rhinorrhea(鼻漏、流鼻涕)
-sclerosis硬化atherosclerosis(动脉粥样硬化),multiple sclerosis(多发性硬化)
-scopeendoscope(内镜),bronchoscope(支气管镜),laparoscope(腹腔镜)
-scopy镜检查endoscopy(内镜检查),bronchoscopy(支气管镜检查),laparoscopy(腹腔镜检查)
-stasis停滞、静止homeostasis(稳态),hemostasis(止血),metastasis(转移)
-therapy治疗chemotherapy(化疗),radiotherapy(放疗),physiotherapy(理疗)
-tomy切开、切断anatomy(解剖),appendectomy(阑尾切除术)通常用 -ectomy
-trophy营养、生长atrophy(萎缩),hypertrophy(肥大),dystrophy(营养不良)
-uria尿hematuria(血尿),proteinuria(蛋白尿),polyuria(多尿),anuria(无尿),oliguria(少尿)

三、常见缩写

3.1 体征与症状

缩写全称中文
BPBlood Pressure血压
HRHeart Rate心率
RRRespiratory Rate呼吸频率
TTemperature体温
SpO₂Oxygen Saturation血氧饱和度
MAPMean Arterial Pressure平均动脉压
CVPCentral Venous Pressure中心静脉压
BMIBody Mass Index体重指数
LOCLevel of Consciousness意识水平
GCSGlasgow Coma Scale格拉斯哥昏迷评分
NRSNumeric Rating Scale疼痛数字评分法
VASVisual Analogue Scale视觉模拟评分法

3.2 实验室与检查

缩写全称中文
CBCComplete Blood Count全血细胞计数
Hb/HgbHemoglobin血红蛋白
RBCRed Blood Cell红细胞
WBCWhite Blood Cell白细胞
PLTPlatelet血小板
HCT/HctHematocrit红细胞压积
ESRErythrocyte Sedimentation Rate血沉
CRPC-Reactive ProteinC反应蛋白
ALTAlanine Aminotransferase丙氨酸氨基转移酶(谷丙转氨酶)
ASTAspartate Aminotransferase天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(谷草转氨酶)
ALPAlkaline Phosphatase碱性磷酸酶
BUNBlood Urea Nitrogen血尿素氮
CrCreatinine肌酐
eGFRestimated Glomerular Filtration Rate估算肾小球滤过率
LDHLactate Dehydrogenase乳酸脱氢酶
CKCreatine Kinase肌酸激酶
CK-MBCreatine Kinase-MB肌酸激酶同工酶-MB
cTnI/cTnTCardiac Troponin I/T心肌肌钙蛋白I/T
BNPBrain Natriuretic Peptide脑钠肽
NT-proBNPN-Terminal pro-BNPN末端脑钠肽前体
LVEFLeft Ventricular Ejection Fraction左心室射血分数
INRInternational Normalized Ratio国际标准化比值
PTProthrombin Time凝血酶原时间
APTTActivated Partial Thromboplastin Time活化部分凝血活酶时间
ABGArterial Blood Gas动脉血气分析
FiO₂Fraction of Inspired Oxygen吸入氧浓度
PaO₂Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen动脉血氧分压
PaCO₂Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide动脉血二氧化碳分压
HCO₃⁻Bicarbonate碳酸氢根
BEBase Excess碱剩余
ECG/EKGElectrocardiogram心电图
EEGElectroencephalogram脑电图
MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像
CTComputed Tomography计算机断层扫描
PETPositron Emission Tomography正电子发射断层扫描
USGUltrasonography超声检查
TEETransesophageal Echocardiography经食道超声心动图
UCGEchocardiography / Ultrasound Cardiography超声心动图
DSADigital Subtraction Angiography数字减影血管造影
AFPAlpha-Fetoprotein甲胎蛋白
CEACarcinoembryonic Antigen癌胚抗原
CA125/CA199Cancer Antigen 125/199癌抗原125/199
PSAProstate-Specific Antigen前列腺特异性抗原
NSENeuron-Specific Enolase神经元特异性烯醇化酶
MCVMean Corpuscular Volume平均红细胞体积
MCHMean Corpuscular Hemoglobin平均红细胞血红蛋白量
MCHCMean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度
FIBFibrinogen纤维蛋白原
PCTProcalcitonin降钙素原
FPGFasting Plasma Glucose空腹血糖
HDL-CHigh-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-CLow-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
ANAAntinuclear Antibody抗核抗体
GFRGlomerular Filtration Rate肾小球滤过率
PTHParathyroid Hormone甲状旁腺激素
ERCPEndoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography内镜逆行胰胆管造影
FVCForced Vital Capacity用力肺活量
FEV₁Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second第一秒用力呼气量
PEFPeak Expiratory Flow呼气峰流速
FRCFunctional Residual Capacity功能残气量
MVVMaximal Voluntary Ventilation最大通气量
DLCODiffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide肺一氧化碳弥散量
PFTPulmonary Function Test肺功能检查

3.3 科室与专业

缩写全称中文
ICUIntensive Care Unit重症监护室
CCUCoronary Care Unit冠心病监护室
NICUNeonatal Intensive Care Unit新生儿重症监护室
OROperating Room手术室
ER/EDEmergency Room/Department急诊室/急诊科
OPDOutpatient Department门诊部
IPDInpatient Department住院部
OTOperation Theatre手术室(英式)
PACUPost-Anesthesia Care Unit麻醉后恢复室
PICUPediatric Intensive Care Unit儿科重症监护室

3.4 诊断与疾病

缩写全称中文
ACSAcute Coronary Syndrome急性冠脉综合征
STEMIST-Elevation Myocardial InfarctionST段抬高型心肌梗死
NSTEMINon-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction非ST段抬高型心肌梗死
UAUnstable Angina不稳定型心绞痛
CHFCongestive Heart Failure充血性心力衰竭
COPDChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease慢性阻塞性肺疾病
ARDSAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome急性呼吸窘迫综合征
CAPCommunity-Acquired Pneumonia社区获得性肺炎
UTIUrinary Tract Infection尿路感染
DVTDeep Vein Thrombosis深静脉血栓
PEPulmonary Embolism肺栓塞
DICDisseminated Intravascular Coagulation弥散性血管内凝血
CVACerebrovascular Accident脑血管意外(中风)
TIATransient Ischemic Attack短暂性脑缺血发作
SAHSubarachnoid Hemorrhage蛛网膜下腔出血
SCLCSmall Cell Lung Cancer小细胞肺癌
NSCLCNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer非小细胞肺癌
PPIProton Pump Inhibitor质子泵抑制剂(相关病症)
SBPSpontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis自发性细菌性腹膜炎
DKADiabetic Ketoacidosis糖尿病酮症酸中毒
CKDChronic Kidney Disease慢性肾脏病
AKIAcute Kidney Injury急性肾损伤
DMDiabetes Mellitus糖尿病
HTNHypertension高血压
CADCoronary Artery Disease冠状动脉疾病
PADPeripheral Artery Disease外周动脉疾病
TBTuberculosis结核病
HIVHuman Immunodeficiency Virus人类免疫缺陷病毒
AIDSAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome艾滋病
HBV/HCVHepatitis B/C Virus乙型/丙型肝炎病毒
IBDInflammatory Bowel Disease炎症性肠病
GERDGastroesophageal Reflux Disease胃食管反流病
EGVEsophageal Gastric Varices食管胃底静脉曲张
EGVBEsophageal Gastric Variceal Bleeding食管胃底静脉曲张出血
AVBAtrioventricular Block房室传导阻滞
RARheumatoid Arthritis类风湿关节炎
OAOsteoarthritis骨关节炎
SLESystemic Lupus Erythematosus系统性红斑狼疮
ARFAcute Renal (Kidney) Failure急性肾衰竭
CRFChronic Renal (Kidney) Failure慢性肾衰竭
ALIAcute Lung Injury急性肺损伤
VAPVentilator-Associated Pneumonia呼吸机相关性肺炎
CNSCentral Nervous System中枢神经系统
TNFTumor Necrosis Factor肿瘤坏死因子
HPHelicobacter Pylori幽门螺杆菌

3.5 治疗与用药

缩写全称中文
CPRCardiopulmonary Resuscitation心肺复苏
ACLSAdvanced Cardiac Life Support高级心脏生命支持
BLSBasic Life Support基础生命支持
IVIntravenous静脉注射
IMIntramuscular肌肉注射
SC/SQSubcutaneous皮下注射
POPer Os (by mouth)口服
PRPer Rectum直肠给药
SLSublingual舌下含服
IDIntradermal皮内注射
ACEIAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂
ARBAngiotensin Receptor Blocker血管紧张素受体阻滞剂
ARNIAngiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂
ADHAntidiuretic Hormone抗利尿激素
RAASRenin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统
ANPAtrial Natriuretic Peptide心房钠尿肽
TPNTotal Parenteral Nutrition全肠外营养
ENEnteral Nutrition肠内营养
NG TubeNasogastric Tube鼻胃管
CTGCardiotocography胎心监护
IABPIntra-Aortic Balloon Pump主动脉内球囊反搏
ECMOExtracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation体外膜肺氧合
CRRTContinuous Renal Replacement Therapy连续性肾脏替代治疗
HDHemodialysis血液透析
PDPeritoneal Dialysis腹膜透析

3.6 麻醉相关

缩写全称中文
GAGeneral Anesthesia全身麻醉
RARegional Anesthesia区域麻醉
LALocal Anesthesia局部麻醉
MACMonitored Anesthesia Care监测下麻醉管理
ASAAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists (physical status classification)美国麻醉医师协会(分级)
ET TubeEndotracheal Tube气管内导管
LMALaryngeal Mask Airway喉罩
BVMBag-Valve-Mask简易呼吸器
ETTEndotracheal Tube气管导管
PEEPPositive End-Expiratory Pressure呼气末正压
PCVPressure-Controlled Ventilation压力控制通气
VCVVolume-Controlled Ventilation容量控制通气
SIMVSynchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation同步间歇指令通气
PSVPressure Support Ventilation压力支持通气
TOFTrain of Four四个成串刺激(肌松监测)
BISBispectral Index脑电双频指数
MACMinimum Alveolar Concentration最低肺泡有效浓度
NIBPNon-Invasive Blood Pressure无创血压
ABPArterial Blood Pressure (invasive)有创动脉血压
IBPInvasive Blood Pressure有创血压监测
CPBCardiopulmonary Bypass体外循环
TCITarget-Controlled Infusion靶浓度控制输注
EMGElectromyography肌电图
FGFFresh Gas Flow新鲜气体流量
CMVControlled Mechanical Ventilation控制机械通气
IPPVIntermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation间歇正压通气
CPAPContinuous Positive Airway Pressure持续气道正压通气
BiPAPBilevel Positive Airway Pressure双水平气道正压通气
HFNCHigh-Flow Nasal Cannula经鼻高流量氧疗
NIV/NPPVNon-Invasive Ventilation / Positive Pressure Ventilation无创通气

3.7 常用医嘱缩写

缩写全称中文
qdquaque die每日一次
bidbis in die每日两次
tidter in die每日三次
qidquater in die每日四次
qhquaque hora每小时
q2h/q4h/q6h/q8hevery 2/4/6/8 hours每2/4/6/8小时
qodevery other day隔日一次
prnpro re nata必要时
statstatim立即
acante cibum餐前
pcpost cibum餐后
hshora somni睡前
pmpost meridiem下午
amante meridiem上午
gttgutta(e)
tabtablet片剂
capcapsule胶囊
ampampule安瓿
suspsuspension混悬液
ungunguentum (ointment)软膏
solsolution溶液
dildilute稀释

四、常见医学短语

4.1 体格检查英语

英语中文
inspection视诊
palpation触诊
percussion叩诊
auscultation听诊
superficial palpation浅部触诊
deep palpation深部触诊
bimanual palpation双手触诊
direct percussion直接叩诊
indirect percussion间接叩诊
barrel chest桶状胸
pigeon chest鸡胸
funnel chest漏斗胸
crackles/rales湿啰音
wheezes哮鸣音
rhonchi干啰音
pleural friction rub胸膜摩擦音
heart murmur心脏杂音
gallop rhythm奔马律
jugular venous distention (JVD)颈静脉怒张
hepatomegaly肝肿大
splenomegaly脾肿大
shifting dullness移动性浊音
rebound tenderness反跳痛
guarding腹肌紧张
positive Murphy's sign墨菲征阳性
positive McBurney's point tenderness麦氏点压痛阳性

4.2 问诊与病历常用

英语中文
chief complaint (CC)主诉
present illness (HPI)现病史
past medical history (PMH)既往史
surgical history手术史
medication history用药史
allergy history过敏史
family history (FH)家族史
social history (SH)个人史(社会史)
review of systems (ROS)系统回顾
physical examination (PE)体格检查
vital signs生命体征
impression印象(初步诊断)
assessment and plan (A&P)评估与计划
differential diagnosis (DDx)鉴别诊断
follow-up随访
onset起病(时间)
duration持续时间
frequency频率
severity严重程度
aggravating factors加重因素
relieving factors缓解因素
associated symptoms伴随症状
past history of present illness既往类似发作史
on examination检查所见
under investigation检查中

4.3 病历写作常用句式

English中文
The patient presents with...患者以……就诊
The patient complains of...患者主诉……
There is a history of...有……病史
On examination, ... was found检查发现……
Investigations revealed...检查结果显示……
The diagnosis was established by...诊断通过……确立
Treatment was initiated with...用……开始治疗
The patient responded well to...患者对……反应良好
The condition deteriorated despite...尽管……但病情恶化
The patient was discharged on...患者于……出院
The prognosis is guarded.预后需谨慎评估。
The patient was referred to...患者被转诊至……
No significant abnormality detected.未见明显异常。
The patient is scheduled for...患者计划接受……
Informed consent was obtained.已获得知情同意。

4.4 药物相关英语

English中文
dosage / dose剂量
dosing regimen给药方案
loading dose负荷剂量
maintenance dose维持剂量
therapeutic dose治疗剂量
maximum daily dose最大日剂量
toxic dose中毒剂量
lethal dose (LD50)半数致死量
half-life (t½)半衰期
peak concentration (Cmax)峰浓度
trough concentration (Cmin)谷浓度
therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)治疗药物监测
adverse drug reaction (ADR)药物不良反应
side effect副作用
drug interaction药物相互作用
contraindication禁忌症
indication适应症
onset of action起效时间
duration of action作用持续时间
route of administration给药途径
bioavailability生物利用度
first-pass metabolism首过代谢
therapeutic window治疗窗
drug tolerance药物耐受性
drug resistance耐药性
withdrawal syndrome戒断综合征

五、常见拉丁语缩写

缩写拉丁语英语中文
ccumwith和、与
ssinewithout
aantebefore之前
ppostafter之后
i.e.id estthat is
e.g.exempli gratiafor example例如
et al.et aliiand others等人
vs.versusagainst对、对比
q.s.quantum sufficitas much as needed适量
ad lib.ad libitumas desired随意、酌情
NPOnil per osnothing by mouth禁食
ODoculus dexterright eye右眼
OSoculus sinisterleft eye左眼
OUoculus uterqueboth eyes双眼
ADauris dextraright ear右耳
ASauris sinistraleft ear左耳
AUauris utraqueboth ears双耳

六、身体系统及方向术语

英语中文
anterior (ventral)前(腹侧)
posterior (dorsal)后(背侧)
superior (cranial/cephalad)上(头侧)
inferior (caudal)下(尾侧)
medial内侧
lateral外侧
proximal近端
distal远端
superficial
deep
central中央
peripheral周围
ipsilateral同侧
contralateral对侧
sagittal plane矢状面
coronal (frontal) plane冠状面
transverse (axial) plane横断面
cardiovascular system心血管系统
respiratory system呼吸系统
digestive system消化系统
nervous system神经系统
musculoskeletal system肌肉骨骼系统
urinary system泌尿系统
reproductive system生殖系统
endocrine system内分泌系统
lymphatic/immune system淋巴/免疫系统
integumentary system皮肤系统

七、数字与频次相关希腊-拉丁词根

数字前缀例词
1mono-/uni-monocyte(单核细胞),unilateral(单侧的)
2bi-/di-bilateral(双侧的),diplegia(双侧瘫)
3tri-tricuspid(三尖瓣的),trigeminal(三叉神经的)
4quadri-/tetra-quadriplegia(四肢瘫),tetracycline(四环素)
hemi-/semi-hemisphere(半球),semilunar(半月形的)
multi-/poly-multivitamin(多种维生素),polycystic(多囊的)
oligo-oliguria(少尿),oligodendrocyte(少突胶质细胞)

八、常用医学英语动词

动词中文例句
administer给药、施行Administer 5mg morphine IV.
assess评估Assess the patient's level of consciousness.
auscultate听诊Auscultate the lung fields.
cannulate置管Cannulate the vein.
diagnose诊断The patient was diagnosed with pneumonia.
dilate扩张The pupil dilates in response to light.
excise切除The tumor was excised completely.
intubate插管The patient was intubated for ventilatory support.
irrigate冲洗Irrigate the wound with saline.
ligate结扎Ligate the blood vessel.
monitor监测Monitor vital signs closely.
palpate触诊Palpate the abdomen for tenderness.
percuss叩诊Percuss the chest for dullness.
prescribe开处方Prescribe antibiotics for the infection.
resuscitate复苏Resuscitate the patient in cardiac arrest.
sedate镇静The patient was sedated for the procedure.
ventilate通气The patient was mechanically ventilated.
withdraw撤除、停药Gradually withdraw the medication.

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